Barrett's esophagus involves the transition from which type of cells to which type of cells?

Barrett's esophagus is characterized by a significant change in the type of epithelial cells lining the esophagus due to chronic injury, typically as a result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In this condition, the normal squamous epithelial cells of the esophagus undergo metaplastic changes and are replaced by columnar epithelial cells, which are more resistant to acidic environments. This columnar epithelium resembles intestinal mucosa and is considered a protective adaptation to the chronic irritative effects of gastric acid.

The transformation from squamous to metaplastic columnar cells is essential in understanding the pathology of Barrett's esophagus as it indicates a precancerous stage that can lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma. This metaplasia signifies a change in cell type in response to injury and inflammation, emphasizing the significance of recognizing these cellular transitions in clinical and pathological assessments.

This transformation is not simply a shift in epithelial characteristics but also involves genetic and molecular changes that predispose the tissue to further dysplasia and malignancy. Thus, the selection reflects the core pathological change observed in Barrett's esophagus, reinforcing the ongoing need for monitoring and potential intervention in affected patients.