What are the characteristic symptoms of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)?

Primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison’s disease, is characterized by insufficient production of adrenal hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone. One of the hallmark features of this condition is the electrolyte imbalance, specifically hyponatremia (low sodium levels) and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

The low levels of aldosterone lead to impaired sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, causing the body to excrete more sodium while retaining potassium, which results in the characteristic hyponatremia and hyperkalemia seen in patients with Addison’s disease. Furthermore, the low cortisol levels contribute to a decrease in the body’s ability to respond to stress, which can also lead to increased levels of potassium.

This combination of electrolyte disturbances is crucial for the diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency and helps differentiate it from other conditions. The other options do not accurately reflect the typical findings associated with Addison’s disease. For example, symptoms like abdominal cramps and fever are more indicative of different conditions. Weight gain and hypertension are often associated with excess cortisol, not a deficiency. Severe headaches and dizziness are nonspecific symptoms and do not align with the classic presentation of adrenal insufficiency.