What condition is characterized by history of HTN, DM, or hypercoagulable states leading to sudden monocular vision loss with extensive retinal hemorrhages?

The condition characterized by a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or hypercoagulable states resulting in sudden monocular vision loss with extensive retinal hemorrhages is central retinal vein occlusion. In this condition, the central vein that drains blood from the retina becomes obstructed, leading to increased venous pressure and resultant hemorrhage within the retina. This scenario often presents with sudden vision loss and the characteristic finding of extensive retinal hemorrhages upon examination.

Individuals with risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes are particularly susceptible to central retinal vein occlusion, as these conditions can contribute to changes in the vascular structure and function, predisposing to occlusion. The sudden onset of symptoms differentiates this from other retinal conditions, with the extensive presence of retinal hemorrhages being a classic clinical feature that aids in diagnosis.

In contrast, conditions such as retinal detachment and central retinal artery occlusion have different underlying mechanisms and clinical presentations that do not typically include the same pattern of extensive retinal hemorrhage. Ocular migraines, while they can cause transient vision changes, do not lead to permanent vision loss or significant retinal hemorrhaging as seen in central retinal vein occlusion.