Which condition results from inflammation of the small airways, typically seen in young children?

Acute bronchiolitis is characterized by the inflammation of the small airways, commonly affecting young children, particularly those under two years of age. This condition often results from viral infections, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common cause. Inflammation of the bronchioles leads to narrowing of these small airways, resulting in symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

Recognizing the age group typically affected is crucial, as acute bronchiolitis predominantly occurs in infants and toddlers, differentiating it from other respiratory conditions. For example, asthma can occur at any age and is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity rather than acute infection, while pneumonia involves inflammation of the lung parenchyma due to infection and affects a broader age range. Chronic bronchitis mainly occurs in older populations, often related to long-term smoking and is not primarily characterized by inflammation of small airways in this age demographic.